The villa at Am Großen Wannsee 56–58, now the Haus der Wannsee-Konferenz memorial and education centre.Photo: Benjamin Snyder, 2007. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain.
The Wannsee Conference
On 20 January 1942 Reinhard Heydrich called fifteen senior officials of the SS, the Nazi Party and the Reich ministries to a villa on the Wannsee, for a meeting of about ninety minutes. The murder of Europe’s Jews was already under way. The meeting put its direction in the hands of the SS, everywhere in Europe, and drew in every ministry it would need.
01June 1941 – November 1944
The conference did not order the Holocaust. When the invitations went out, Jews were being shot in their hundreds of thousands in the occupied Soviet Union, a killing centre was being built at Bełżec, and at Chełmno the gas vans had begun. The meeting’s business was who would direct the rest, and how the ministries would serve it.
Killing operations, month by month · the meeting
From June 1941
Behind the German armies in the Soviet Union, the Einsatzgruppen of Heydrich’s Security Police and SD, with police battalions and local auxiliaries, shot Jewish men, women and children town by town. Einsatzgruppe A alone reported “the execution of 229,052 Jews” in its area by 31 January 1942. At Rumbula, outside Riga, at least 25,000 were shot in late 1941.
The historian Timothy Snyder puts the number of Jews killed in the Soviet Union and the Baltics by the end of 1941 at a million. It is an estimate; the USHMM gives no total for that date.
From 1 November 1941
Construction of a killing centre at Bełżec, in the occupied Polish General Government, began on 1 November 1941. It was not yet killing when the officials met.
From 8 December 1941
At Chełmno, in western Poland, the SS and police began killing Jews in gas vans on 8 December 1941: six weeks before the meeting at Wannsee.
20 January 1942
Heydrich told the fifteen officials that the Reich Marshal had made him responsible for preparing the “final solution of the Jewish question in Europe”, and that its direction lay with the Reichsführer-SS “without regard to geographic borders”. The minutes speak of evacuation to the East and count approximately 11 million Jews.
March – July 1942
Bełżec began killing in March 1942, Auschwitz-Birkenau in March 1942, Sobibór in April 1942 and Treblinka in July 1942. The three in the General Government were the camps of Operation Reinhard.
August – October 1942
Of the about 1.7 million people murdered in the Operation Reinhard camps, 1.32 million were killed in about a hundred days from August 1942: about 15,000 people a day, by Lewi Stone’s count.
“Two thirds of the Jews who would be killed during the war were already dead by the end of 1942.” — Timothy Snyder.
To November 1944
Birkenau killed from March 1942 until the autumn of 1944; about one million Jews were murdered in the Auschwitz camp complex. In all, about six million Jews were murdered: about 2.7 million in the killing centres, about two million in shootings, 800,000–1,000,000 in ghettos and camps, and at least 250,000 in other violence.
0220 January 1942
The meeting lasted about 90 minutes. The protocol records no clock times. Only the length of the meeting and the rough split between the two parts are documented. By Christopher Browning’s account, Heydrich spoke for nearly an hour; then followed about thirty minutes of questions and comments.
A secretary, Ingeburg Werlemann, took notes. Adolf Eichmann, head of the Gestapo’s office for Jewish affairs, wrote them up as the minutes, and took the plain talk out.
“Certain over-plain talk and jargon expressions had to be rendered into office language by me.”Adolf Eichmann, Jerusalem, 1961

The meeting, drawn to its length · items in the order the minutes record them
Proportions after Browning; total after the Haus der Wannsee-Konferenz.
The Reich Marshal has appointed Heydrich “delegate for the preparations for the final solution of the Jewish question in Europe”. The Reichsführer-SS holds “the official central handling … without regard to geographic borders”. The meeting is called for “clarifying fundamental questions”.
537,000 Jews “sent out of the country” by 31 October 1941 — 360,000 from Germany, 147,000 from Austria, 30,000 from the Protectorate. Foreign Jewish organisations had supplied around $9,500,000 towards it. Emigration is now prohibited.
“Approximately 11 million Jews will be involved.” Thirty-three lines in two groups — A under German control, B allied, neutral or at war. England 330,000. Ireland 4,000. Switzerland 18,000. Sweden 8,000. Spain 6,000. Portugal 3,000.
What followedThe table's own arithmetic comes to 11,292,300, of which 6,755,800 lay outside German reach. About six million Jews were murdered. The neutrals on the list were never reached.
Jews “allocated for appropriate labor in the East”, in “large work columns … in the course of which action doubtless a large portion will be eliminated by natural causes”. The “possible final remnant … will have to be treated accordingly”.
What followedBełżec opened in March 1942, Sobibór in April, Treblinka in July; Birkenau began as a killing centre in March. About 2.7 million people were murdered in the killing centres.
“Europe will be combed through from west to east.” Germany and the Protectorate first, “due to the housing problem”. The evacuated to go first to “so-called transit ghettos”.
Jews over 65 not to be evacuated but sent to “an old-age ghetto — Theresienstadt is being considered”; likewise severely wounded veterans and holders of the Iron Cross First Class. “With this expedient solution, in one fell swoop many interventions will be prevented.”
What followedFrom June 1942 about 58,000 German and Austrian Jews were sent to Theresienstadt, the elderly and the decorated veterans among them. Around 88,000 people were deported onward from it; about 3,500 of those survived. Some 34,000 died in the ghetto itself.
Romania “has appointed a commissioner for Jewish affairs”; for Hungary “it will soon be necessary to force an adviser for Jewish questions onto the Hungarian government”. Luther warns that the Scandinavian states will be difficult and advises deferring them. Hofmann offers to attach a race expert to the police attaché in Budapest.
Hofmann: sterilisation “will have to be widely used”. Stuckart calls the six marriage cases unworkable — “endless administrative work” — and proposes forced sterilisation instead, with the law simply declaring that mixed marriages “have been dissolved”.
Jews in industries vital to the war effort, where no replacement is available, “cannot be evacuated”. Heydrich answers that they would not be, under the rules he has already approved.
Bühler “would welcome it if the final solution … could be begun in the General Government”, where transport is not a problem. Of “approximately 2 1/2 million Jews concerned, the majority is unfit for work”. He “had only one request, to solve the Jewish question in this area as quickly as possible”. Meyer agrees that preparatory work should start at once, “alarming the populace must be avoided”.
What followedHe got what he asked for. About 1.7 million people were murdered in the three Aktion Reinhard camps in the General Government; 1.32 million of them in roughly a hundred days from August 1942.
03Section III of the protocol
The minutes include a table drawn up in Eichmann’s office: 33 lines, approximately 11 million Jews. Group A is the territory Germany held or occupied. Group B is everywhere else: Germany’s allies, the countries at war with it, and the neutral states — Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and European Turkey. Three in five of the people counted lived in group B. The lines as printed add up to 11,292,300.
Eichmann’s table, line by line, as printed · neutral states outlined
The USSR line is subdivided in the document: Ukraine 2,994,684; White Russia excluding Białystok 446,484. Estonia is entered as “judenfrei”, free of Jews. The minutes give the total as approximately 11 million; the country lines add up to 11,292,300.
04Who was in the room
Six of the men came from Heydrich’s own SS and police apparatus. The other nine came from the ministries and the Party: state secretaries and department heads of the Interior, Justice and the Occupied East, the Foreign Office, the Reich Chancellery, the Four Year Plan, the General Government and the Party Chancellery. Ten had been to university; eight had studied law; eight held doctorates. Seven were under forty. The youngest, Rudolf Lange, was 31; the oldest, Friedrich Wilhelm Kritzinger, 51.
None of the officials present at the meeting objected to the “Final Solution” policy that Heydrich announced.

SS-Obergruppenführer · Chief of the Security Police and SD (RSHA) · in the chair
aged 37
Attacked by Czechoslovak agents in Prague on 27 May 1942; died of his wounds on 4 June.

SS-Gruppenführer · Chief of the Gestapo, RSHA Amt IV
aged 41
Last seen in Berlin in the first days of May 1945. Never captured, never confirmed dead.

SS-Obersturmbannführer · RSHA Referat IV B 4 · wrote the minutes
aged 35
Escaped to Argentina; seized by Israel in 1960, tried in Jerusalem and hanged in 1962.

SS-Gruppenführer · SS Race and Settlement Main Office
aged 45
Sentenced to twenty-five years at Nuremberg in 1948; released in 1954.

SS-Oberführer · Security Police and SD, General Government
aged 38
Sentenced to death by a British military court for the killing of an Allied airman; hanged in 1946.

SS-Oberführer · Party Chancellery
aged 36
Never prosecuted. Died in 1987.

SS-Sturmbannführer · Commander of the Security Police and SD, Latvia
aged 31
The youngest man in the room. Killed at Posen (Poznań) in February 1945.
Reichsamtsleiter · Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories
aged 42
Proceedings against him were dropped. Died in 1982.

Gauleiter · Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories
aged 50
Killed himself in April 1945.

State Secretary · Government of the General Government, Kraków
aged 37
Tried in Poland and hanged in Kraków in 1948.

State Secretary · Reich Ministry of Justice
aged 48
President of the People's Court from August 1942. Killed in an air raid on Berlin on 3 February 1945.

State Secretary · Reich Ministry of the Interior
aged 39
Convicted in the Ministries case in 1949 and sentenced to the time he had already served. Died in a road accident in 1953.
State Secretary · Plenipotentiary for the Four Year Plan
aged 49
Interned, released in 1948 on grounds of ill health, never tried. Died in 1951.
Ministerialdirektor · Reich Chancellery
aged 51
The oldest man in the room. Died in 1947 without having been tried.
Unterstaatssekretär · Foreign Office
aged 46
Sent to a concentration camp in 1943 after plotting against Ribbentrop. Died in May 1945. His copy of the minutes is the one that survived.
05The document
The minutes were typed in 30 numbered copies. Only copy 16 has been found: the one sent to Martin Luther, Foreign Office.
The copy came to light among the files of the German Foreign Office in late 1946. In March 1947 Kenneth Duke, of the American microfilming staff, alerted the prosecutor Robert Kempner. It was put in evidence at Nuremberg, in the trial of the ministry officials, as document NG-2586-G. The original is kept in the Political Archive of the Foreign Office, Berlin.
Luther himself had been sent to a concentration camp in 1943 after plotting against his minister, Ribbentrop, and died in May 1945. The paper he filed outlasted him.

06Theresienstadt
Jews over 65 not to be evacuated but sent to “an old-age ghetto — Theresienstadt is being considered”; likewise severely wounded veterans and holders of the Iron Cross First Class. “With this expedient solution, in one fell swoop many interventions will be prevented.” (§ III) From June 1942 about 58,000 German and Austrian Jews were sent to Theresienstadt, the elderly and the decorated veterans among them.
Theresienstadt: deported onward, and survived
USHMM figures; all three bars on one scale.

The villa had been the guest house of the Chief of the Security Police and SD. From 1952 to 1988 it was a country home for the schools of Neukölln. On 20 January 1992, fifty years to the day after the meeting, it opened as a memorial and education centre.
No one in the room objected.
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